The P.M. has been forced from office...
Either by a cabal of bitter opponents and disloyal M.P.s or the inevitable consequences of his own conduct, depending on your point of view. Is this a democratic outrage or simply par for the course?
I do not generally use this blog for opinion pieces or articles on anything other than local politics; very rarely national politics, much less so political history! But the resignation of Boris Johnson on July 7th prompted a flurry of outrage among the hearty band of Boris fans that populate my Twitter feed. Many of them were appalled that a P.M. who won an 80-seat majority, got Brexit done and led us through an unprecedented global pandemic could be removed by a 'cabal' of M.P.s, rather than by the British people at the ballot box.
Rt. Hon. Boris Johnson, M.P. (P.M., 2019-22)
I have already blogged about Boris' resignation and so the nuances of my own rather more sanguine thoughts on the circumstances of his fall from grace have been well trod and need not be rehearsed here. But, I wondered how unusual this situation really is. In my own lifetime, that colossus Margaret Thatcher was forced from office in 1990 (when I was 8 years old), arguably knifed in the back by her own side (albeit in her case after 11 and 1/2 years in office rather than only 3). Similarly, Tony Blair was cajoled into departing 10 Downing Street in 2007, despite having won three successive election victories but having become increasingly unpopular with his own rank and file. More recently, David Cameron and Theresa May were undone by Brexit - Mr. Cameron resigned in 2016 having lost the E.U. referendum and Mrs May in 2019, having failed to deliver on the outcome. Only John Major and Gordon Brown lost office at a General Election (in 1997 and 2010 respectively). So, of the seven P.M.s of my lifetime, most have been forced to resign by circumstance rather than by the voters.
But what does history tell us? After all, my lifetime only covers 40 of the 300-year history of the premiership, from Robert Walpole taking up the seals of office in 1721 and Boris handing them back in 2022 as the 55th holder of the post. Being an appalling nerd, of course, I set about finding out and I thought it was interesting enough to share with others (my wife tells me that I abuse the word 'interesting' a lot but, hey, reading on is not compulsory).
Sir Robert Walpole (P.M., 1721-42) ~ first and longest-serving P.M.
It makes sense to start at the beginning and the office of Prime Minister dates back to the 18th-Century. The aforementioned Mr. Walpole was the first holder of the office but never known officially as 'Prime Minister'. Most historical P.M.s held the office of First Lord of the Treasury (and, indeed, still do). The term 'Prime Minister' did not become official until the 20th-Century. It was originally intended as an insult, implying the holder was little more than chief lackey to the King. Sir Robert Walpole, however, was one of the most skilled politicians ever to bestride British politics. A member of the old Whig Party, he headed the government for an as yet unbeaten, uninterrupted run of 20 years and, for most of that period, had King George I and later King George II eating out of his hand and exercised near-total mastery of the House of Commons. But all things end and advancing age caused his domination of Parliament to wane and increasingly political factions worked against him. The curiously-named 'War of Jenkins' Ear' with Spain made him unpopular and reduced his parliamentary majority. Ultimately, he lost an important vote following a naval disaster, which was treated as a vote of no confidence and he was forced to retire (albeit as the Earl of Orford, with a seat in the House of Lords - only time will tell if Boris will be so lucky).
This became a fairly typical way to leave office. Indeed, it was nearly 130 years until a British P.M. was removed simply by losing an election. When the Victorian prime minister, Benjamin Disraeli, lost the General Election of 1868 he was the first P.M. in history to lose power directly as a consequence of losing an election. This created a run, as his Liberal successor, William Gladstone, lost office in the 1874 G.E. and Mr. Disraeli (later ennobled as the Earl of Beaconsfield) went on to lose again in 1880. Lord Beaconsfield has the distinction of being both the first P.M. to lose office in an election and the only one to have done so twice.
Benjamin Disraeli, Earl of Beaconsfield (P.M., Feb.-Dec. 1868 & 1874-80) ~ first P.M. to lose office in an election
Apart from Lord Beaconsfield and Mr. Gladstone, only ten more of the 55 P.M.s have lost power in this way - Ramsay MacDonald in 1924, Stanley Baldwin in 1929, Winston Churchill in 1945, Clement Attlee in 1951, Sir Alec Douglas-Home in 1964, Harold Wilson in 1970, Edward Heath in 1974 and James Callaghan in 1979. Mr. Major and Dr. Brown, I have already referred to. The late Sir Edward Heath was the last P.M. to both enter and leave office at a G.E.
So what about the rest?
Well, some were simply dismissed by the monarch - back in the days when monarchs had an unfettered ability to do this. A repeat offender was King George III, who removed the Duke of Newcastle in 1762 essentially due to personal animosity and a preference for his new favourite, the Earl of Bute, who became the first ever Tory P.M. Likewise, the King dismissed George Grenville and replaced him with the Marquess of Rockingham (both Whigs) in 1765 more or less out of preference for the latter over the former. Mr. Grenville's son, William, Lord Grenville, also served as a Whig P.M. and, like his father, was dismissed by the King in 1807 in opposition to Lord Grenville's policies on Catholic Emancipation. King William IV was the last monarch to sack his prime minister when he dismissed Viscount Melbourne in 1834 in opposition to his proposed reforms. Queen Victoria, though she often interfered in politics, never directly sacked a P.M. and neither have any of her successors (so far at least).
King George III (1738-1820) ~ serial sacker of P.M.s
Some P.M.s resigned (at least ostensibly) because of ill health. The first was the Earl of Chatham, perhaps better known to history as 'Pitt the Elder', in 1768. He suffered ill health for many years, typically gout but also severe bouts of mental illness. He nevertheless lived for another ten years, famously collapsing whilst delivering a vituperative speech in the House of Lords on the subject of American independence. A further eleven P.M.s resigned over the years under similar circumstances. Some, like Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman in 1908, died soon thereafter. Indeed, Sir Henry died at Number 10, having been too ill to move out. Others lived a good while yet, like Harold Macmillan, who resigned ostensibly on health grounds in 1963. He was purportedly so convinced he was about to die that the Queen had to break with protocol to visit him at hospital to accept his resignation. He nevertheless lived for a further 23 years, leading some to suspect his resignation had more to do with the fallout from the Profumo sex scandal. Privately, he regarded himself as having been hounded from office by a backbench minority (sound familiar?). The last P.M. to resign explicitly on health grounds was Mr. Wilson, who resigned in 1976 after being diagnosed with Alzheimer's.
A small number of P.M.s actually died in office, including both Lord Orford's two immediate Whig successors, the Earl of Wilmington in 1743 and Henry Pelham in 1754. Lord Rockingham served two terms of office, resigning due to internal dissent in 1766 and then returning to office in 1782, only to die fourteen weeks later in a 'flu epidemic. Lord Chatham's son, William Pitt the Younger, also served as P.M. He was, at 24, our youngest ever premier and died in office in 1806 aged just 46 with a cumulative length of service of 18 years, second only to Lord Orford himself. Spencer Perceval earned a place in the history books by being the only P.M. to be assassinated - shot in the lobby of the House of Commons in 1812 by a disgruntled merchant with a grievance against the Government. George Canning, meanwhile, became a pub quiz footnote by having the shortest tenure of any P.M., dying in office in 1827 after just 119 days in power. The last P.M. to expire in office was Viscount Palmerston, who enjoyed rude health in his later years and remained in office at the grand old age of 80, until he died suddenly of a chill in 1865 just shy of his 81st birthday.
Spencer Perceval (P.M., 1809-12) ~ only P.M. to be assassinated
Apart from Lord Orford, I calculate a further sixteen P.M.s were forced to resign by a so-called 'Vote of No Confidence' (known nowadays by the acronym 'VONC'). Some of them more than once - the record being held jointly by Mr. Gladstone and the Marquess of Salisbury at three each. Some of these were straightforward confidence votes while others were important votes, the loss of which was deemed to constitute a VONC. Lord North, for example, was removed in a VONC in 1782, following the British loss at the Battle of Yorktown during the American Revolution. By comparison, in 1846, Sir Robert Peel failed to repeal the Corn Laws and the loss of the crucial vote on the repeal Bill, whilst not explicitly a VONC, caused him to resign. In recent years, VONCs have become far less frequent and the most recent P.M. brought down this way was Jim Callaghan in 1979. Following several by-election defeats, which had chipped away at his majority, a vote was triggered by Mrs Thatcher as Leader of the Opposition, which Mr. Callaghan lost by a single vote (311 to 310). This was the first VONC since 1924, when the National Government of Mr. MacDonald fell apart. The events of the 1979 VONC were so dramatic, they were immortalised in a stage play called This House by James Graham. There have been several unsuccessful VONCs since then. Mrs Thatcher survived five plus a vote of censure. More recently, Mrs May survived one in January 2019 and, just last month, Boris Johnson survived a vote moved by Leader of the Opposition Sir Keir Starmer (the P.M. having already announced his intention to resign).
The rest? Well, they can basically be filed under 'misc.' The Duke of Devonshire, for example, was brought down in 1756 by a variety of factors, not least of which was the execution of Admiral Byng during the Seven Years' War, widely seen as a miscarriage of justice. The Duke of Portland resigned after a scandal in 1809 when two of his Cabinet ministers, Mr. Canning (later P.M. himself) and Viscount Castlereagh, fought a duel. Some, such as the Earl of Shelburne in 1783, were brought down by the shifting allegiances among the various parliamentary factions of the day. For some, such as David Lloyd George in 1922, it was the breakdown of a temporary coalition. Others, like Earl Grey in 1834 or Arthur Balfour in 1905, were undermined by Cabinet splits and internal party disunity. Viscount Goderich, meanwhile, resigned in 1828 simply because he was completely inept and knew it.
Viscount Goderich (P.M., 1827-8) ~ who reportedly begged King George IV in tears to be allowed to resign
Boris' fall is difficult to categorise. He certainly was not incompetent and desperate to go, like Lord Goderich, whatever his opponents may say. As I said in my blog, he has been a by and large successful P.M. Like most P.M.s, he was unpopular among certain sections of his own party but one does not detect the kind of fatal internal disunity that plagued Mr. Major's final days or that broader sense of dissatisfaction that characterised the death throes of Mrs Thatcher's government. His Cabinet did not seem particularly split. Rather, Boris' is a whole new category of resignation in having been prompted by apparent weariness amongst ministerial colleagues with the constant trickle of entirely avoidable controversies. Some of his supporters claim he was 'hounded' from office by unprecedented press hostility but, while there is some truth in that, I recently read a short biography of Lord Bute and few P.M.s before or since could claim to match the relentless and deeply personal animus that was directed at Lord Bute, largely on account of nothing more than his being a Scotsman.
So, in conclusion, while I think the Conservative Party may yet regret the fact that Boris Johnson has been forced out of office, the truth is it was not that unusual.
UPDATE
Fifty days after succeeding Boris Johnson, Elizabeth Truss was forced to resign in the face of widespread opposition to her economic policies. Her resignation, after just over a month in office, makes her officially the shortest-serving Prime Minister in British history. She has displaced George Canning, who set the previous record at four months and has held the dubious distinction unchallenged for the past 195 years. Miss Truss' new record is going to take some breaking!
Rt. Hon. Elizabeth Truss, M.P. (P.M., Sept.-Oct. 2022)
She is also the eighteenth British Prime Minister never to have won a General Election, following on from Gordon Brown, who succeeded Tony Blair upon his resignation in 2007 and went on to lose the 2010 General Election. Miss Truss is, however, the first Prime Minister since Neville Chamberlain to have served as Prime Minister without ever even contesting and losing a General Election. Mr. Chamberlain succeeded Stanley Baldwin in 1937 and resigned in 1940 following the outbreak of World War II, with no intervening election. Mr. Chamberlain was replaced by Winston Churchill, who would lead Britain through the war only to lose office at the General Election of 1945.
Perhaps more significantly from a constitutional point of view, as I outlined above, it is by no means unusual for the governing party to switch leaders between elections - indeed, if anything, it has been the norm'. In my lifetime, Margaret Thatcher was succeeded by John Major, Tony Blair by Gordon Brown, David Cameron by Theresa May, Theresa May by Boris Johnson and then Boris Johnson by Liz Truss. What is more unusual is for this to happen twice between elections. In fact, until I researched it, I felt sure it must be unprecedented. I have discovered, in actuality, that there is ample precedent, though it has become highly unusual.
For the most recent historical example, we must go back to the aforementioned changeover from Mr. Chamberlain to Mr. Churchill in 1940 - over 80 years ago. That was the last time a Prime Minister succeeded a Prime Minister who had themselves succeeded a previous Prime Minister without either of them having fought an election.
Still, none of this is as bad as the period between the General Elections of 1761 and 1768, when there was no less than FOUR changes of Prime Minister. This was when the office of Prime Minister was still relatively new and the system of political parties less well established. In those days, M.P.s sat in factions and loose alliances rather than organised political parties. Despite having won the General Election of 1761, King George III dismissed his Whig Prime Minister, the Duke of Newcastle, the following year and replaced him with his new favourite, the Earl of Bute (a Tory). Lord Bute proved so wildly unpopular that he had to be sacked after less than 10 months in office and was replaced by George Grenville. Even by the factional standards of the time, the Whig Party had by then begun to splinter into several warring cliques, centred around the leading men of the day - principally the 'Grenvillites', 'Rockingham Whigs' and 'Chathamites'. As they vied for power, Mr. Grenville was dismissed by the King a couple of years later in preference for the Marquess of Rockingham and, only a year after that, replaced Lord Rockingham with the Earl of Chatham. Lord Chatham suffered a nervous breakdown in 1768 and the subsequent General Election returned a new coalition government nominally led by the new Chathamite Whig leader the Duke of Grafton but in reality dominated by the Tory leader Lord North.
Rt. Hon. Rishi Sunak, M.P. (P.M., 2022-present)
The principle here is that it is not the Prime Minister of the day who wins a mandate at an election, as prime ministers are not directly elected. Fortunately, we now have properly organised parties rather than factions and, although there are many who dislike the party system, as I have always said, if we did not have political parties then we would need to invent them. It is the party they lead that wins the mandate in an election rather than the person of the Prime Minister. The sole qualification for the office is to be capable of leading the largest party and commanding a majority in the House of Commons. As Rishi Sunak is now the Leader of the Conservative & Unionist Party and enjoys an 80-seat Commons majority, King Charles III has invited him to form a government in His name and serve as our new Prime Minister (the second of His Majesty's reign). Mr. Sunak is, incidentally, the first British Asian and the first Hindu to serve as Prime Minister and, at 42 years of age, the youngest P.M. since the Earl of Liverpool took office at the same age in 1812. Over all, he is our sixth youngest P.M. ever.
I have updated my list of prime ministerial downfalls below.
Partly for my own entertainment, I've compiled a list of prime ministerial downfalls:
Sir Robert Walpole (Whig) – Resigned after 20 years in office in 1742 after losing an effective VONC. *Later created Earl of Orford; died in 1745 aged 68
The Earl of Wilmington (Whig) – Died in office in 1743 aged 69, after only a year in power.
Henry Pelham (Whig) – Died in office in 1754 aged 59, after 10 years in power.
The Duke of Newcastle (Whig) – Forced to resign after 2 years in office in 1756 following the loss of Menorca in the Seven Years’ War.
The Duke of Devonshire (Whig) – Forced to resign after less than 8 months in office in 1757 for various reasons including the execution of Admiral Byng. *Died in 1764 aged 44
The Duke of Newcastle (Whig) – Dismissed by King George III in 1762, largely due to personal animosity, after a total of 8 years in power. *Died in 1768 aged 75
The Earl of Bute (Tory) – Resigned after less than 10 months in office due to his intense unpopularity and having lost the confidence of King George III in 1763. *Died in 1792 aged 78
George Grenville (Whig) – Dismissed by King George III after 2 years in power in 1765 in preference of Lord Rockingham. *Died in 1770 aged 58
The Marquess of Rockingham (Whig) – Resigned in 1766, after only a year in office, due to internal dissent within the Cabinet.
The Earl of Chatham (Whig) – Resigned nominally due to ill health in 1768 after 2 years in office. *Died in 1778 aged 69
The Duke of Grafton (Whig) – Resigned in 1770 due to a number of crises and public attacks after only a year in office. *Died in 1811 aged 75
Lord North (Whig) – Resigned after 12 years in office in 1782 after losing a VONC following the defeat at Yorktown during the American Revolution. *Later succeeded his father as Earl of Guilford; died in 1792 aged 60
The Marquess of Rockingham (Whig) – Died in office in 1783 aged 52, after just 14 weeks.
The Earl of Shelburne (Whig) – Forced to resign after less than 9 months by an alliance of Charles James Fox and Lord North in 1783. *Later created Marquess of Lansdowne; died in 1805 aged 68
The Duke of Portland (Whig) – Lost a vote in the Lords on reform of the East India Co. in 1783 and forced to resign after just 8 months in power.
William Pitt (Tory) – Forced to resign after 17 years in power in 1801 in the face of opposition from King George III to Catholic Emancipation.
Henry Addington (Tory) – Forced to resign after 3 years in office following the return to favour of Mr. Pitt in 1804. *Later created Viscount Sidmouth; died in 1844 aged 86
William Pitt (Tory) – Died in office in 1806 aged 46, after just over a year back in power.
Lord Grenville (Tory) – Dismissed after a year in office in 1807 due to ongoing disagreements over Catholic Emancipation. *Died in 1834 aged 74
The Duke of Portland (Tory) – Resigned after 2 years in office following the scandalous duel between George Canning and Viscount Castlereagh in 1809. *Died 3 weeks later aged 71
Spencer Perceval (Tory) – Assassinated in 1812 aged 49, after 2 years in office.
The Earl of Liverpool (Tory) – Resigned after 15 years in power due to ill health in 1827, dying shortly thereafter aged 58.
George Canning (Tory) – Died in office in 1827 after less than 4 months in office aged 57.
Viscount Goderich (Tory) – Resigned in favour of the Duke of Wellington in 1828, just 5 months after taking office, due to his ineptness. *Later created Earl of Ripon; died in 1859 aged 76
The Duke of Wellington (Tory) – Lost a VONC in 1830 and resigned after 2 years in office.
Earl Grey (Whig) – Resigned in 1834 after 4 years in office over Cabinet splits. *Died in 1845 aged 81
Viscount Melbourne (Whig) – Dismissed by King William IV in 1834, after less than 4 months in office, in opposition to reforms.
The Duke of Wellington (Tory) – Caretaker Prime Minister from Nov.-Dec. 1834, resigned on the return to England of Tory leader Sir Robert Peel, who had been in Sardinia when Lord Melbourne fell. *Died in 1852 aged 83
Sir Robert Peel (Tory) – Resigned after less than 100 days in 1835, having failed to win a majority in the 1835 G.E.
Viscount Melbourne (Whig) – Lost a VONC in 1841 and resigned after 6 years in office. *Died in 1848 aged 69
Sir Robert Peel (Tory) – Resigned after 5 years in office following defeat in a vote on the Corn Laws (effective VONC) in 1846. *Died in 1850 aged 62
Lord John Russell (Whig) – Lost a VONC in 1852 and resigned after 6 years in power. *Later created Earl Russell
The Earl of Derby (Conservative) – Lost a VONC (Budget) in 1852 and resigned after just 10 months.
The Earl of Aberdeen (Peelite Tory) – Lost a VONC (concerning the Crimean War) in 1855 and resigned after 2 years. *Died in 1860 aged 76
Viscount Palmerston (Liberal) – Lost a VONC in 1858 and resigned after 3 years in office.
The Earl of Derby (Conservative) – Lost a VONC in 1859 and resigned after just over a year.
Viscount Palmerston (Liberal) – Died in office in 1865 aged 81, after a total of 9 years in power.
Earl Russell (Liberal) – Resigned in 1866 due to party disunity after only 8 months. *Died in 1878 aged 85
The Earl of Derby (Conservative) – Retired from public life on medical advice in 1868 and died the follow year aged 70. He served a total of 4 years as P.M. over three terms.
Benjamin Disraeli (Conservative) – Lost the 1868 G.E. just 10 months after taking over from Lord Derby.
William Gladstone (Liberal) – Lost the 1874 G.E.
Benjamin Disraeli, later the Earl of Beaconsfield (Conservative) – Lost the 1880 G.E. after a total of 7 years in power. *Died in 1881 aged 76
William Gladstone (Liberal) – Resigned in 1885 after 5 years in office following the murder of General Gordon in Khartoum.
The Marquess of Salisbury (Conservative) – Forced from office in 1886 after only 7 month when the Irish Nationalists switched their support to the Liberals.
William Gladstone (Liberal) – Forced to resign in 1886 after just 5 months back in power due to internal party splits over Irish Home Rule.
The Marquess of Salisbury (Conservative) – Lost a VONC in 1892 and resigned after 6 years back in power.
William Gladstone (Liberal) – Resigned for the last time in 1894 over internal party disputes around naval rearmament and tax matters, capping off a total of 13 years in power. *Died in 1898 aged 88
The Earl of Rosebery (Liberal) – Resigned in 1895 after losing a vote on the army supply after just over a year in office. *Died in 1929 aged 82
The Marquess of Salisbury (Conservative) – Resigned in 1902 in failing health and heartbroken by the death of his wife and died the following year aged 73, after a total of 14 years in office.
Arthur Balfour (Conservative) – Resigned after 3 years in office in 1905 over internal party disputes around free trade. *Later created Earl of Balfour; died in 1930 aged 81
Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman (Liberal) – Resigned after 2 years in office in 1908 due to ill health and died shortly afterwards aged 71.
H. H. Asquith (Liberal) – Resigned after 9 years in power in 1916, during W.W.1, having lost the confidence of coalition partners. *Later created Earl of Oxford and Asquith; died in 1928 aged 75
David Lloyd George (Liberal) – Forced to resign after 6 years in office in 1922 after the Conservatives withdrew from the coalition. *Later created Earl Lloyd-George of Dwyfor; died in 1945 aged 82
Bonar Law (Conservative) – Resigned just 6 months into office in 1923 due to ill health and died shortly thereafter aged 65.
Stanley Baldwin (Conservative) – Lost a VONC (King’s Speech) in 1924 and resigned, after 8 months in office.
Ramsay MacDonald (Labour) – Lost the 1924 G.E.
Stanley Baldwin (Conservative) – Lost the 1929 G.E.
Ramsay MacDonald (Labour) – Resigned after 7 years in power in 1935 due to ill health. *Died in 1937 aged 71.
Stanley Baldwin (Conservative) – Retired for the last time in 1937 following the Abdication Crisis and questions around rearmament, after just over 7 years in total. *Later created Earl Baldwin of Bewdley; died in 1947 aged 80
Neville Chamberlain (Conservative) – Resigned after 3 years in office in 1940 due to ill health and lack of support following the outbreak of W.W.2 and died six months later aged 71.
Winston Churchill (Conservative) – Lost the 1945 G.E.
Clement Attlee (Labour) – Lost the 1951 G.E., after 6 years in office. *Later created Earl Attlee; died in 1967 aged 84
Sir Winston Churchill (Conservative) – Resigned in 1955 due to ill health, after 9 years in power. *Died in 1965 aged 90
Sir Anthony Eden (Conservative) – Resigned after 2 years in office in 1957 due to ill health, exhausted by the Suez Crisis. *Later created Earl of Avon; died in 1977 aged 79
Harold Macmillan (Conservative) – Resigned after 6 years in office in 1963 due to ill health, also exhausted by the Profumo Affair. *Later created Earl of Stockton; died in 1986 aged 92
Sir Alec Douglas-Home, formerly the Earl of Home (Conservative) – Lost the 1964 G.E., just under a year after succeeding Mr. Macmillan. *Later created Lord Home of the Hirsel; died in 1995 aged 92
Harold Wilson (Labour) – Lost the 1970 G.E.
Edward Heath (Conservative) – Lost the 1974 G.E. *Later knighted; died in 2005 aged 89
Harold Wilson (Labour) – Resigned in 1976 due to ill health, after 8 years in office. *Later created Lord Wilson of Rievaulx; died in 1995 aged 79
James Callaghan (Labour) – Lost the 1979 G.E. following a VONC, after 3 years in office *Later created Lord Callaghan of Cardiff; died in 2005 aged 92
Margaret Thatcher (Conservative) – Ousted by Conservative M.P.s in 1990, after more than 11 years in power. *Later created Baroness Thatcher; died in 2013 aged 87
John Major (Conservative) – Lost the 1997 G.E., after 7 years in power. *Since knighted
Tony Blair (Labour) – Resigned after 10 years in power in 2007 under internal party pressure. *Since knighted
Gordon Brown (Labour) – Lost the 2010 G.E., after 3 years in office.
David Cameron (Conservative) – Resigned after 6 years in office in 2016 following defeat in the Brexit Referendum.
Theresa May (Conservative) – Resigned after 3 years in office in 2019 under internal party pressure over Brexit.
Boris Johnson (Conservative) – Resigned after 3 years in office in 2022... for reasons still being hotly debated!
Elizabeth Truss (Conservative) - Resigned after just 50 days in office in 2022 due to widespread opposition to her economic policies.
No comments:
Post a Comment